Kachin State content

English version

abbreviation

executive summary introduce

Kachin Mythology

Migrated to Myanmar, now Kachin State/Myanmar Migration to Shan State Mungmyit Sinli Defense of British Colonies

Mungmyit Sinli under British colonial rule Expulsion of Japanese from Mungmyit Sinli

Kutkai Kachin State Kodawng Kachin Sub-State

Kachin State under the Democratic Government of the Union of Myanmar expel theKMT from Kachin State The emergence of KIO/KIA Conclusion

克欽邦內容英文版

目录提纲

内容摘要

介紹

克欽神話

遷移到緬甸現克欽邦/緬甸

遷移到撣邦Mungmyit Sinli

对英國殖民者的防禦戰

英國殖民統治下的Mungmyit Sinli

將日本人驅逐出Mungmyit Sinli

Kutkai 克欽邦和Kodawng克欽次邦kachin substate 

緬甸聯邦民主政府下的克欽邦

將國民黨逐出克欽邦 KIO/KIA 的出現

結論

Executive Summary 

Burma, officially known as Myanmar, is a country derived from the product of new 

world order after WW II (1939-1945) a home to several ethnic peoples, both 

majorities minorities, including Kachins. The Kachins are not only native to northern most part of Burma, now known as the Kachin state, but also an indigenous 

people in the Kachin sub-state, as a part of current northern Shan state. While living 

alongside other native hill-ethnic peoples, namely Wa, Kokang, Palaung (Ta'ang), 

many others, the Kachins were able to establish their autonomous political 

status as a Kachin sub-state in current northern Shan state. Geographically, the 

Kachin sub-state encompasses Kutkai areas of north Hsenwi zones Kodawng 

territories in northern Shan state, where the legitimacy of the Kachins' political status 

has been historically recognized for centuries. 

Since early 1350s, the Kachins migrated into the Kachin sub-state, practicing 

their traditional governing systems called Gumchying Gumsa Gumrawng 

Gumtsa. In Gumcying Gumsa system, the Kachin chieftains (Duwas) took the 

supreme power in contrast to Gumrawng Gumtsa system where headmen (Salangs) 

were nominated to take the leadership role. As such, the Kachins used to have ruled 

themselves until the arrival of British in Burma the British also formally 

recognized such traditional governing systems of the Kachins. Hence, the Kachins 

had had a specific political status in northern Shan state since before the British rule. 

Defending territories as the fundamental ownership, not only did the Kachins protect 

the Kachin sub-state from the British Japanese invasions, but also from other 

invaders till today, with their utmost efforts despite several limitations including 

military strength. 

内容摘要 

缅甸Burmar，正式名称为Myanmar缅甸，是二战（1939-1945）后世界新秩序产生的国家，是包括克钦人在内的多个少数民族的家园。克钦人不仅是缅甸最北部地区（现称克钦邦）的原住民，也是克钦次邦kachin substate（现掸邦北部的一部分）的原住民。虽然克钦人与其他土著山地 

民族，即佤族、果敢族、巴朗族（德昂族）和许多其他民族一起生活，但他们能够在 

当今掸邦北部建立克族自治的政治地位。从地理上看，克钦邦包括北欣维地区的kuthkai库特 

凯地区和掸邦北部的gudong科东地区，克钦人政治地位的合法性在历史上已得到承认几个世 

纪了。 

自 1350年代初以来，克钦人迁移到克钦邦，实行他们的传统统治制度，称为 

Gumchying Gumsa 和 Gumrawng Gumtsa。在GumcyingGumsa制度中，克钦族酋长 

（Duwas）掌握着最高权力，而Gumrawng Gumtsa制度中，头目（Salangs）被提名 

担任领导职务。 

因此，克钦人曾经实行自治，直到英国人到达缅甸为止，英国人也正式承认克钦人的 

这种传统统治制度。 

因此，克钦族在英国统治之前就在掸邦北部拥有特定的政治地位。捍卫领土作为根本 

所有权，克钦人不仅用军事力量等方式，竭尽全力保护克钦邦免受英国和日本的侵 

略，而且一直到今天，也免受其他入侵。

Introduction 

The Kachins have been native to both current Kachin northern Shan states in 

Burma, Yunnan in China, Arunachal Pradesh Assam in India. In this brief 

history, Burma or Myanmar will be used in relation to the historical official 

contexts. Despite culturally/tribally and/or ethnically commonalities, the Kachins have 

different lexical terms in those countries. For instance, the term "Kachin" has been 

officially locally recognized for those who are native to Myanmar. On the other 

hand, the term "Jingpo or Jinghposu" is for those who live in China "Singpho" in 

India (Brang Di, 2015). In fact, the etymology of Kachin in Burma, China India 

can be historical as well as political. In Myanmar, six Kachin tribes, namely (1) 

Lhaovo (Maru), (2) Lachid (Lashi), (3) Zaiwa (Atsi), (4) Lisu (Lasaw), (5) Rawang 

(Nung), (6) Jinghpaw have been officially recognized as Kachin tribes. Non￾Kachins, those inside outside of Myanmar, generally understthat the 

Kachins are from the northern most part of Myanmar called Kachin state. However, 

the Kachins have also been native to northern Shan state in Burma for centuries and 

Kachin territories in northern Shan state were once recognized as a Kachin sub￾state, known as "Mungmyit Sinli" to Kachins. In northern Shan state, the Kachins 

once practiced their self-governing system predating the British colonial rule the 

term "Shan states" itself in fact was officially entitled only after the British's 

occupation. Hence, this brief history is to shed light on the Kachins' existence and 

their political status in northern Shan state of Myanmar. 

        介绍 

克钦人源自于现在的缅甸克钦邦和掸邦北部、中国云南以及印度的阿鲁纳恰尔邦和阿 

萨姆邦土著民族。在本简史中，缅甸或缅甸将在历史和官方背景下使用。尽管在文化/部落和/或种族上有共同点，但克钦人在这些国家有不同的称呼。例如，“克钦人”一词已得到官方和当地对缅甸原住民的认可。另一方面，“Jingpo 或 Jinghposu”一词适用于居住在中国的人，而“Singpho”则适用于印度的人（Brang Di，2015）。事实上，克钦语在缅 

甸、中国和印度的称呼既可以是历史以来的名称，也可以是政治的。缅甸有六个克钦部落，即 

（1）Lhaovo 

(Maru) , (2) Lachid (Lashi) , (3) Zaiwa (Atsi) , (4) 

Lisu （Lasaw）、（5） Rawang（Nung）和（6） Jinghpaw已被正式承认为整个克钦部落的统称。缅甸境内外的非克钦人普遍认为克钦人来自缅甸最北部的克钦邦。然而，几个世纪以来，克钦人也是缅甸北部掸邦的原住民，掸邦北部的克地区曾被视为克钦邦，被克钦人称 

‡"Mungmyit Sinli"在北部掸邦，克钦族在英国殖民统治之前就曾实行自治制度，而“掸邦”一词本身实际上是在英国占领之后才正式获得的。因此，这段简史旨在阐明克钦人在缅甸北部掸邦的存在及其政治地位。

The Kachin Myth 

The Kachin myth can be traced in their oral traditions called "Dumsa Jaiwa Ga" in Kachin, in which it 

describes the evolution of all living things including human beings the creation of the universe. 

According to several Kachin oral traditions, there are multiple versions of myths that reveal how 

human races developed, in which what they all have in the common was that the human races were 

descended from common progenitors named "Ja Nyi" "Ja Nga". In this tradition, the heavenly 

Supreme Being called "Mahtum Wa Mahta" once washed the world with flood as the world was full of 

sins. However, Mahtum Wa Mahta set free Ja Nyi Ja Nga who were very sincere free of sins. 

The couple later bore nine sons those were believed to have been the progenitors of all human 

races of the earth. Out of nine sons, the first son was called "Gam" who had been the progenitor of 

Native Americans; the second son named "Naw" of the Chinese, the third "La" of the Shans, the 

fourth "Tu" of the Kadu Kanans, the fifth "Tang" of the Chins, the sixth "Yaw" of the Kachins, the 

seventh "Hka" of the Gurkha, the eighth "Sharoi" of the Tibetans the ninth was "Kying" of the 

European respectively. Hence, the lexical term "Wunpawng or Jinghpaw Wunpawng" in Kachin as an 

inclusive term for all Kachin tribes was believed to have derived from the name of progenitor "Yaw" 

because the term "Shapawng Yaw" "Shapawng Yawng" had been interchangeably used before it 

was settled into "Wunpawng or Jinghpaw Wunpawng" (Yaw, 2018). Socially speaking, the triangular 

system of the Kachin makes all Kachin tribes interconnected as it comprises (1) bride givers (mayu), 

(2) bride takers (da ma) (3) brothers or sisters (kahpu kanau) as a tripod social structure. 

Moreover, the Kachin's oral traditions have commonly addressed the migrated intervals where they 

used to settle, among which "Majoi Shingra Bum","Hkrang Hku Majoi",. "Mali Hu Majoi" "Chyai 

Hku Majoi" were the most common referring to as their migrations settlements. The location of 

Majoi Shingra Bum, however, is unknown; perhaps it addresses somewhere in Himalayas speculated 

by some Kachin historians elders. On the other hand, "Hkrang", "Mali" "Chyaï" represent the 

name of each river in current Kachin state "Majoi" has been addressed as the migrated era 

supposedly for centuries (Tegenfeldt, 1974; Ja Li, 2017). 

         克钦神话 

   克钦神话可以追溯到他们在克钦语中称为“Dumsa Jaiwa Ga”的口头传承，其中描述了包括人类在内的所有生物的进化和宇宙的创造。根据克钦族的一些口述传说，揭示人类种族如何发展的神话有多种版本，它们的共同点是人类都是名为“Ja Nyi”和“Ja Nga”的共同祖先的后裔。在这个传说中，天上的至高 

者被称为“Mahtum Wa Mahta”，曾经用洪水清洗世界，因为世界充满了罪恶。然而，Mahtum Wa 

Mahta 释放了非常真诚且无罪的 Ja Nyi 和 Ja Nga。这对夫妇后来生了九个儿子，这些儿子被认为是地球上所有人类的祖先。在九个儿子中，第一个儿子被称为“Gam”，是美洲原住民的祖先；第二个儿子叫“Naw”，中国人，第三个儿子“La”，掸族，第四个儿子“Tu”，卡杜卡南人，第五个儿子“Tang”，钦人，第六个儿子“Yaw”，克钦人，第七个儿子“Yaw”，克钦人。廓尔喀人的“Hka”，西藏人的第八个“Sharoi”和欧洲人的“King”分别是第九个。因此，克钦语中的词汇“Wunpawng 或 Jinghpaw Wunpawng”作为所有克 

钦部落的包容性术语被认为源自祖先的名字 “Yaw”是因为术语“Shapawng Yaw”和“Shapawng Yawng”在被归入“Wunpawng 或 Jinghpaw Wunpawng”之前可以互换使用（Yaw，2018）。从社会角度来看，克钦族的三角制度使所有克钦部落相互联系，因为它包括（1）丈人家种（mayu），（2）姑爷家种（da ma）和（3）兄弟姐妹姓氏（kahpu kanau）作为三足社会结构。此外，克钦人的口头传说通常涉及他们过去定居的迁徙间隔，其中包括“Majoi Shingra Bum”、“Hkrang Hku Majoi”， “Mali Hku Majoi”和“Chyai Hku Majoi”是最常见的 指他们的迁徙和定居点。然而，Majoi Shingra Bum 的位置尚不清楚。一些克钦族历史学家和长老推测，它可能位于喜马拉雅山的某个地方。另一方面，“Hkrang”，“Mali”和“Chyaï”代表名字，目前克钦邦的每条河流和“Majoi”都被认为是几个世纪以来的迁徙时代

（Tegenfeldt，1974；Ja Li， 

2017）。

Migration into Current Kachin State in Burma/ Myanmar 

The Kachins' migration into current Kachin state dates back to 1st A.D with long 

intervals (Henderson, et al., 1971, p. 95). With their chieftains called "Duwas" , the 

Kachins were known to push out others along their migrations. The history shows 

that the Kachins used to have furnished the levies for the great Nan-Chao 

(Nanzhao), who conquered Pyu Kingdom of lower Irrawaddy in 760 continued to 

occupy Hanoi in 863. Moreover, the inkling evidence has been that Tartars were 

among the levies of Mongols who destroyed the Pagan around 1287. In doing so, 

the Kachins entered into current Kachin state from then (Tegenfeldt, 1974, p. 58; 

Dennyer, 1927, p. 62). Along their migrations, the Kachins had long practiced the two 

self-governing systems - "Gumchying Gumsa" "Gumrawng Gumtsa". In 

Gumchying Gumsa system, the Kachin chieftains (Duwas) ruled their individual 

domains the chieftains were those of several clans such as Lahtaw, Maran, 

Lahpai, Nhum, Tangbau the like. In fact, every Kachin chieftain (Duwa) was 

equal to the status of a king in his own domain. In each domain under a Kachin 

chieftain, Council of Headmen (Salang Hpawng) was established, which was 

composed of both religious administrative bodies. As such, the Wise Men 

(Bawmung), Headmen (Salangs) Assistant Headmen (Agyis) took the 

administrative role; Priest (Dumsa), Assistant of Priest (Hpunglum), Prophet 

(Myithtoi), Butcher in the sacrifices (Hkingjawng) Sorcerer (Ningwat) played the 

religious role. Importantly, the Kachin chieftains held the supreme power in their 

individual domains. In contrast, the Gumrawng Gumtsa system had no chieftains, 

instead the Headmen (Salangs) were nominated by the public the Headmen did 

not possess supreme powers. Aside from the distinction between the two systems, 

other social cultural practices were very common in both Gumchying Gumsa 

Gumrawng Gumtsa systems (Yaw, 2018; Leach, 1954, p. 183). Given the 

territories, the territories under Gumchying Gumsa used to be much bigger, which 

indicates that the supreme power of the Kachin chieftains (Duwas) their strength 

in a form of the size of the territories had played the influential role across the Kachin 

territories in Burma for centuries. Tracing the etymology of the Kachin, it has 

revealed that the term "Kachin" was a foreign one entrenched only after 1870s 

leading up to the British's occupation of the whole Burma. 

 移民到缅甸现克钦邦/缅甸 

     克钦人迁移到现在的克钦邦的历史可以追溯到公元一世纪，间隔很长（Henderson， 

et al.，1971，p.95）。克钦人的酋长被称为“杜瓦斯”，他们在迁徙过程中会排其他人。历史表明，克钦人曾经为伟大的南诏（南诏）提供征兵，南诏于 760 年征服了伊洛瓦底江下游的骠王国，并于 863 年继续占领河内。此外，有迹象表明，鞑靼人也是 

其中之一。 1287 年左右，蒙古人征召军队消灭了异教徒。由此，克钦人从此进入了 

现在的克钦邦（Tegenfeldt，1974 年，第 58 页；Dennyer，1927 年，第 62 页）。 

在迁徙过程中，克钦人长期实行两种自治制度——“Gumchying Gumsa”和 

“Gumrawng Gumtsa”。在Gumchying Gumsa体系中，克钦族酋长（Duwas）统治着 

各自的领地，酋长是Lahtaw、Maran、Lahpai、Nkhum、Tangbau等几个氏族的酋长。 

事实上，每一位克钦族酋长（杜瓦）在自己的领地内都享有与国王同等的地位。在克钦酋长统治下的每个领地，都设立了酋长委员会（Salang Hpawng），该委员会由宗 

教和行政机构组成。因此，智者 (Bawmung)、酋长 (Salangs) 和助理酋长 (Agyis) 担任行政职务；祭司（Dumsa）、祭司助理（Hpunglum）、先知（Myithtoi）、祭祀中的屠（Hkingjawng）和巫师（Ningwat）扮演宗教角色。重要的是，克钦族酋长在各自的领地内拥有最高权力。相比之下，Gumrawng Gumtsa制度没有酋长，而是由公众提名的头人（Salangs），头人不拥有最高权力。除了两个系统之间的区别之外，其他社会和文化习俗在 Gumchying Gumsa 和 Gumrawng Gumtsa 系统中也非常常见（Yaw，2018；Leach，1954，第 183 页）。从疆域来看，古姆奇英·贡萨 

（Gumchying Gumsa）统治下的疆域要大得多，这表明克钦族酋长（杜瓦斯）的最高权力及其以疆域大小体现的实力，在整个克钦族地区发ഀ了重要的影响力。缅甸已有数百年历史。追溯克钦语的词源，我们发现“克钦”一词是外来词，直到 1870 年代英国 

占领整个缅甸之后才得以根深蒂固。

Migration into Mungmyit Sinli in Shan States 

During 1350s, the Kachins continued their migrations into northern Shan 

including into north Hsenwi, which like many other names has now been officially 

Burminised as Theinni in current Shan state, stretching from Bhamo Triangle 

regions of current Kachin state in Myanmar, Yunnan in China Bisa regions 

(Assam) in India. The territories that the Kachins migrated into included Namhkam, 

Jelan, Muse, Wandin Gapna, Munggu, Loiwaw, Mungjet, Mungtawm, Lashio, 

Mungyai, eastern part of Salween River, Yangwu, Dingga, Dingswi, Bangnang 

near Namtu township. Along their migrations into current Shan state, the Kachins 

pushed away an ethnic group called "La" whose civilization was known to have far 

greater advanced than that of the Kachins. While settling, the Kachin chieftains 

(Duwas) led to occupy these new territories with long intervals ruled their 

individual domain throughout. The paddy fields across the occupied territories by the 

Kachins were left out by La people.However, the Kachins were incapable of growing 

paddy rice, as only being accustomed to growing uplrice. Shans were therefore 

invited to help grow paddy rice. The territories of north Hsenwi that the Kachins 

occupied used to have been politically independent ruled by the Kachin Duwas 

with self-governing systems. The territories of Kachin in north Hsenwi have been 

publicly known to Kachins as "Sinli"; hereafter Hsenwi or Sinli will be applied based 

on the contexts (Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014, p. 4-6). On the other 

hand, there were certain territories of the Kachin Duwas in south Hsenwi such as 

Mongyai, in which some were interconnected with Shan Sawbwas in one way or 

another. 

After the 1500s, the Kachins also migrated into the hilly regions of Mongmyit 

(Mongmit), what has now been officially Burminised as Momeik in current northern 

Shan state these hilly regions that the Kachins migrated were known as 

"Mungmyit Kodawng" "Loi Lung". While migrating into these regions, the 

Kachins initially had a certain extent of clashes with Palaung (Ta'ang). However, both 

sides were later able to compromise for peaceful coexistence. As a result, the 

Kachins Palaungs agreed to distinguish general demarcations within and 

between their territories Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 

2014). At one point, the troops of Burmese king invaded Ngadawng Munglung, 

the mountain ranges of Mongmyit, during 1874 1875, which was traditionally

ruled by a Shan Sawbwa. The Shan Sawbwa consequently asked the Kachin 

mercenaries to fight against such Burmese troops the Kachins were able to 

successfully expel the Burmese troops. In return, the Shan Sawbwa offered 

substantially large pieces of lterritories along the east west riverbank of 

Mangkung River to the Kachins for the pyrrhic victory over the Burmese troops 

(Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014). 

According to the historical record, the term "Sinli" was derived from the name of 

mountain ranges sprawling two sides, in which one side is from Namhkam and 

Nampaka till Namsan Kodawng, another side is that of the highway 

connecting Lashio Muse.Therefore, such mountain ranges have been locally 

known to Kachins as Sinli. Moreover, there is a Kachin village named "Sinli 

Kawngra" at the threshold of the mountain ranges. As a matter of historical fact, 

Asenwi was where Shan Sawbwas stationed themselves to rule the circles of 

Hsenwi (Khine, 2014, p. 26). Thus, perhaps the term "Sinli" could be derived from 

Hsenwi, however, Sinli was locally signified by the Kachins themselves for centuries, 

as previously mentioned. The term "Mungmyit" to Kachins has also been very 

common to entitle the regions that comprise Mungmyit, Kodawng, Loi Lung, 

Ngadawng Munglung. As a consequence, the Kachins have been publicly 

articulating "Mungmyit Sinli", by addressing the territories of north Hsenwi, 

Mungmyit, Kodawng, Loi Lung, Ngadawng Munglung, since these territories 

have been native to the Kachins for centuries. 

         迁移到掸邦 Mungmyit Sinli 

1350年代，克钦人继续迁徙到掸邦北部，包括北辛维（Hsenwi），与许多其他名字一 

样，现在掸邦的北辛维（Hsenwi）现在已正式被缅语化为泰尼尼（Theinni），范围从 

现在缅甸克钦邦的八莫和三角地区、中国云南和印度的比萨地区（阿萨姆邦）。克钦 

族迁徙的地区包括南康、吉兰、木姐、万丁加普纳、蒙古、洛瓦、蒙吉特、蒙多姆、 

腊戍、蒙耶、萨尔温江东部、扬乌、丁嘎、丁瑞和南图镇附近的邦南。在迁徙到现在 

的掸邦的过程中，克钦人驱逐了一个名为“拉”的民族，众所周知，该民族的文明比克 

钦人先进得多。在定居期间，克钦族酋长（杜瓦）领导经过很长一段时间占领这些 

新领土，并始终统治着自己的领地。克钦人占领区的水田都被拉族人冷落了。但克钦 

人无法种植水稻，只习惯种植旱稻。因此，掸族被邀请帮助种植水稻。克钦族占领的 

北辛维地区，过去政治上独立，由克钦族杜瓦统治，实行自治制度。克钦族北部 

Hsenwi 地区被克钦人称为“Sinli”；此后将根据上下文应用 Hsenwi 或 Sinli（克钦邦历 

史委员会，2014 年，第 4-6 页）。另一方面，克钦杜瓦人在兴威南部有一些地区，例 

如蒙耶，其中一些地区与掸萨布瓦人以某种方式相互联系。 

1500年代后，克钦人也迁徙到了蒙密（Mongmit）丘陵地区，现在正式称为缅甸北部掸邦的莫梅克（Momeik），克钦人迁徙的这些丘陵地区被称为“Mungmyit Kodawng”和“Loi Lung” ”。克钦人在迁徙到这些地区的过程中，最初与巴朗（德昂）发生了一定程度的冲突。不过，双方后来都能够妥协，和平共处。因此，克钦人和巴朗人同意区分其领土内部和领土之间的一般分界线克钦邦历史委员会，2014）。 1874 年至 1875 年间，缅甸国王的军队曾一度入侵传统上由掸族索布瓦统治的蒙密山脉 Ngadawng 和 Munglung。掸族索布瓦于是要求克钦雇佣军与缅甸军队作战，克钦人成功驱逐了缅甸军队。作为回报，掸族索布瓦向克钦人提供了芒孔河东岸和西岸的大片土地，以换取对缅甸军队付出惨重代价的胜利（克钦邦历史委员会，2014）。据史料记载，“新里”一词源于绵延两侧的山脉名称，其中一侧是从南卡姆和南帕卡一直到南山和科东，另一侧是连接腊戍和木姐的高速公路。因此，这些山脉在当地被克钦人称为 Sinli。此外，在山脉的入口处有一个克钦族村庄，名为“Sinli Kawngra”。作为历史事实，阿森维是掸·萨布 (Shan Sawb) 驻扎的地方，统治着辛维(Hsenwi) 圈子（Khine，2014 年，第 26 页）。因此，也许“Sinli”一词可以源自 Hsenwi，然而，如前所述，几个世纪以来，Sinli 一直由克钦人自己在当地表示。对于克钦人来说，“Mungmyit”一词也很常见，用来称呼包括 Mungmyit、Kodawng、Loi Lung、Ngadawng 和 Munglung 在内的地区。因此，克钦人一直公开宣称“Mungmyit Sinli”，称北Hsenwi、Mungmyit、Kodawng、Loi Lung、Ngadawng和Munglung地区，因为这些地区几个世纪以来一直是克钦人的本土领土。 

(Mang Hang Duwa Naw Seng, During 1880s) 

Defensive Warfare against the British Colony 

When the British invaded Burma, the Burmese Kingdom called Konbaung dynasty 

under king Thibaw was the last of all. In the end, the British occupied both lower and 

upper Burma, later known as Burma Proper, after three Anglo-Burmese Wars; the 

first took place from 1824 to 1826, the second in 1852, the third in 1885 with the 

overthrow of king Thibaw. Burma was subsequently annexed by the British in 

January 1886 (Tegenfeldt, 1974).Accordingly, the British continued to invade the 

regions of Shan states including the areas of Nyawng Shwe Sawbwa, Hsenwi 

Sawbwa Hsipaw Sabwa, the Kachins' territories encompassing both 

northern Shan state northern most part of Burma. However, theKachins fought 

against the British. In the case of Kachins in northern Shan state, some evidences in 

Mungmyit Kodawng Sinli were very significant. In Mungmyit Kodawng regions, 

the cases that the Kachins operated defensive warfares were in Dinghkung, Loiseng 

Rauchying, in which the Kachins fought against the British troops across the 

regions in Dinghkung Loiseng in 1889 Rauchying in 1890 (Kachin Sub-State Research Group - Kutkai, 2007; Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014). 

Likewise, the Kachins also operated defensive warfare in Sinli regions, in which a 

Kachin chieftain named Manghang Duwa Naw Seng led a defensive warfare in 1893. 

As a consequence, a British officer named Lieutenant Willam was killed in a battle 

Naw Seng was also injured after several battles. Naw Seng was believed to 

have eventually died at an unknown location, supposedly somewhere between 

Huhpyet Manbung Loihkam near current Kutkai township that place was 

commonly known as Manghang Point (Manghang Hyet) in honor of Manghang Duwa 

Naw Seng (Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014, p. 52-53; Woodman, 1962). 

In the long run the Kachins had to accede to the British since their military power 

was much weaker than that of the British. On the other hand, after the British 

occupied certain territories of current Kachin state including Bhamo Myitkyina in 

1898, the Kachin Hill-Tribes Regulation (Regulation No. 1 of 1895) was enacted, in 

recognition of the customary law practices of the Kachin. The administrative 

areas of the regulation were the Kachin Hills within Bhamo administrative areas; 

Sadon, Sama within Myitkyina administrative areas, Myitkyina Kachin Hills, Mogaung 

Kachin Hills, Kamai Htawgaw Kachin Hills; The Kata Kachin Hills within Kata 

administrative areas; Putao administrative areas; Kodawng Kachin Hill Tracts, within 

the subdivision of Mongmit (Mungmyit); The territories of north Hsenwi where the 

Kachin inhabit (Win, Han, Thein, 1990a, p. 14). The British was able to fully 

control the whole Kachin territories including Hugawng valley Triangle only after 

1920s (Tegenfeldt, 1974). 

对英国殖民地的防御战，英国入侵缅甸时，锡包国王统治下的贡榜王朝是最后一个缅甸王国。最终，经过三场英缅战争，英国人占领了下缅甸和上缅甸，后来被称为缅甸本土。第一次发生在1824 年至 1826 年，第二次发生在 1852 年，第三次发生在 1885 年锡包国王被推翻。随后，缅甸于 1886 年 1 月被英国吞并（Tegenfeldt，1974）。因此，英国继续入侵掸邦地区，包括 Nyawng Shwe Sawbwa、Hsenwi Sawbwa 和Hsipaw Sabwa 地区，以及克钦族的领土，包括北部和北部地区。掸邦和缅甸大部分地区。然而，克钦人与英国人作战。就掸邦北部的克钦人而言，Mungmyit Kodawng 和 Sinli 的一些证据非常重要。在Mungmyit Kodawng地区，克钦人进行防御战的例子是在Dinghkung、Loiseng和Rauchying，其中克钦人于1889年在Dinghkung和Loiseng地区以及1890年在Rauchying地区与英国军队作战（克钦邦研究小组） - Kutkai，2007 年；克钦邦历史委员会，2014 年）。同样，克钦人也在新利地区进行防御战，1893年，克钦族酋长芒杭·杜瓦·诺·盛(Manghang Duwa Naw Seng)领导了一场防御战，结果英国军官威廉中尉在战斗中阵亡，诺·盛也受伤。经过几场战斗。据信，Naw Seng 最终死在一个未知的地点，据说是在 Huhpyet Manbung 和 Loihkam 之间的某个地方，靠近现在的 

Kutkai 镇，那个地方通常被称为 Manghang Point (Manghang Hyet)，以纪念Manghang Duwa Naw Seng（克钦邦历史）委员会，2014 年，第 52-53 页； 

Woodman，1962 年）。

   从长远来看，克钦人不得不加入英国，因为他们的军事力量比英国弱得多。另一方面，1898年英国占领了包括八莫和密支那在内的现克钦邦的部分领土后，颁布了《克钦山地部落条例》（1895年第1号条例），承认克钦族的习惯法和制度法。 该条例的行政区域是八莫行政区域内的克钦山；密支那行政区域Sadon、Sama、密支那克钦山、Mogaung 克钦山、卡迈和Htawgaw 克钦山；卡塔行政区域内的卡塔克钦山；葡萄行政区域； Kodawng Kachin 山区，位于 Mongmit (Mungmyit) 分区内；克钦族居住的北部 Hsenwi 地区（Win、Han 和 Thein，1990a，第 14 页）。直到 1920 年代之后，英国才能够完全控制包括 Hugawng 山谷和三角地区在内的整个克钦领（Tegenfeldt，1974）。Mungmyit Sinli Under the British Colonial Rule The British enacted the Kachin Hill-Tribes Regulations Act (1895) the regulation recognized the Kachin's customary law traditions. Importantly, the regulation empowered the Kachin chieftains (Duwas or Slangs) under the British governors. In Sinli regions, the British government appointed a District Commissioner locally known as Ayebyeng', under which 66 Circle Heads, locally known as Nebyeng', were administratively assigned. The areas of these Circle Head were (1) Mungbaw, (2) Wandin Kapna, (3) Hpawngseng, (4) Munggu, (5) Mungya, (6) Namhkyek, (7) Howa, (8) Zaubung (Namtau), (9) Namkang, (10) Munghawm, (11) Hubren, (12) Kyinghung, 

(13) Mungji, (14) Wawhkyung, (15) Namjawn, (16) Munghtam, (17) Nati, (18) Lung￾wai, (19) Bangnoi, (20) Mungwun (Nawngleng), (21) Kangming, (22) Manlun, (23) Huidawng, (24) Huhpyek, (25) Mungli, (26) Ninglum, (27) Worabum, (28) Bangkai, 

(29) Humaw (Namngawn), (30) Mung-yu (Loipau), (31) Loikang, (32) Nanoi, (33) 

Namhpalun, (34) Hpak-yai, (35) Kawnglim, (36) Zaubung (Nampaka), (37) Galeng, 

(38) Nahkyem, (39) Namput, (40) Kanhtang, (41) Pangkut, (42) Nawnglung, (43) 

Manmak-Kawnggaw, (44) Kapna (Mungjet), (45) Loingu (Huhpik), (46) Nammaw 

Auka, (47) Mungleng (Jayang), (48) Namtawng, (49) Pying-ye, (50) Manghang, (51) Namngu, (52) Oilaw, (53) Banma, (54) Mung-wi, (55) Saihkau (Bangjam), (56) 

Sambu, (57) Namnak, (58) Mungmaw, (59) Hpasawm, (60) Hkaukang, (61) Mung￾yin, (62) Nam-yau, (63) Dingswi, (64)Wingmyint, (65) Bangnang, (66) Loipyi (Mong,2005, pp. 116-117; Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014). Likewise, under the British rule, Mungmyit Kodawng regions were originally ruled from Bhamo 

in current Kachin state before becoming parts of northern Shan state, under the title of Kodawng Kachin Hill Tracts since 1890 the administrative office of Kodawng 

Kachin Hill Tracts was in Munglwi (Monglu) near Shweli River. The very first officer of 

Kodawng Kachin Hill Tracts was Mr. Walder. The areas of Kodawng's Circle Heads 

were (1) Mandung (Manton), (2) Manbat, (3) Manpun, (4) Loiya, (5) Hubung, (6) 

Man-yawn, (7) Manjawp, (8) Panggung, (9) Manmawk, (10) Hudung, (11) 

Mungkawang, (12) Man-gau, (13) Sailing, (14) Loiseng, (15) Loiwing Hkajik, (16) 

Sauram Dingga. While ruling the whole Burma, the British sent the Kachin troops 

including some of them from Kodawng areas to Mesopotamia (the areas of present￾day Iraq) from 1916-1919 during WW I all successfully returned. As a 

consequence, a Manau was held as a celebration at Munglwi (Molu) near Shweli 

River in northern Shan in 1919 (Dawson, 1960; Kachin Sub-State History 

Committee, 2014).In fact, Shan states encompassing both southern northern parts were administratively demarcated as Federated Shan States since 1922 Council of Shan Sawbwas, officially known as Shan States Council, was subsequently formed up for the administrative body under the British. Importantly, together with the 

federation of Shan States, the Burma Frontier Service had been implemented 

(Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry, 1947). Since then the territories of Kachin in 

Federated Shan States had been administered by the Council of Shan Sawbwas under a British official, Commissioner or locally known as Maha Mingyit. The reason for a lack of Kachin directly administering themselves in this system could have been that the Kachin rulers like Duwas were mostly illiterate since the Kachin alphabets 

were fully-fledged only after 1906 (Tegenfeldt, 1974). Therefore, perhaps the British likely considered the Kachin leaders to be incapable of running formal administration the Kachins in the eyes of the British were only a warlike people. 

In the case of Wa people, they have been native to Wa states in northern Shan 

state along Sino-Burma border the British had limited administrative power over Wa state (Webb, 1912). Since before the British arrival, Wa rulers had adopted the governance traditions of Shan Sawbwa. For instance, a Wa Chief named Tawang 

ousted the hereditary Sawowa called Mawng San, under the auspices of north 

Hsenwi entitled himself as Sawbwa "Hsokham" by establishing Htamo as 

capital. Khun Sing, who replaced Tawang, had married with six wives, out of which 

five were Shans (Mangrai, 1965, p. 263). Like Wa, Palaung is also a Mon-Khamar 

tribe has now permanently dwelled in Shan states the Monmyit state of ruby 

mines district (Webb, 1912). The territories of Taungbaing (Tawngpeng) had been 

where the Palaung rulers mostly concentrated the Palaung chiefs seemed to have administratively adopted or assimilated into Shan traditions. For instance, Sao Hkun Pan Sein, Sawowa of Taungbaing used to play a central role in Council of Shan Sawbwas his erstwhile predecessors were Sao Hkam Tan Mong (Sao Hun Kyan), Sao Hkun Hseng Awn others. Kokang people, on the other hand, had been Han refugees with Ming dynasty those who fled from the oppression of Qing dynasty in 1659 to current Kokang areas, roughly 800 milesS, in Sino-Burma border 

in the northern Shan. During the British rule, 1894 Convention between China and 

Great Britain agreed that Kokang areas were ceded to China. However, the 1897 

Convention made Kokang areas return to the British (Mong, 2005; Sun, 2017, p. 13). 

Administratively, the British had changed Burma's administration in 1937 by enacting the Government of Burma Act, 1935, in which Burma Proper, Part (1) Part (I) 

were divided Karenni states remained independent. As a result, current Kachin 

state Federated Shan States including the territories of Kachin, Wa Kokang 

had been included in Part (1) (Yaw, 2018; Government of Burma Act, 1935). 

英国殖民统治下的Mungmyit Sinli 

英国颁布了《克钦山部落条例》（1895年），该条例承认克钦人的习惯法和传统。重要的是，该法规赋予了英国总督统治下的克钦族酋长（杜瓦们或俚语）权力。在新立 

地区，英国政府任命了一位当地称为“Ayebyeng”的地区专员，在其领导下进行行政任命，当地称为“Nebyeng”的66名圈首。这些圆头的区域是 (1) Mungbaw、(2）Wandin Kapna、(3) Hpawngseng、(4) Munggu、(5) Mungya、(6) Namhkyek、(7) Howa、 

(8) Zaubung (Namtau) , (9) Namkang, (10) Munghawm, (11) Hubren, (12) Kyinghung, (13) Mungji, (14) Wawhkyung, (15) Namjan, (16) Munghtam, (17) Nati, (18) Lung -wai，（19）Bangnoi，（20）Mungwu（Nawngleng），（21）Kangming，（22）Manlun，（23）Huidawng，（24）Huhpyek，（25）Mungli，（26）Ninglum，（27）Worabum , (28) Bangkai, (29) Humaw (Namngawn), (30) 

Mung-yu (Loipau), (31) Loikang, (32) Nanoi, (33) Namhpalun, (34) Hpak-yai, (35) 

Kawnglim , (36) Zaubung (Nampaka), (37) Galeng, (38) Nahkyem, (39) Namput, (40) 

Kanhtang, (41) Pangkut, (42) Nawnplung, (43) Manmak-Kawnggaw, (44) Kapna 

(Mungjet)、(45) Loingu (Huhpik)、(46) Nammaw Auka、(47) Mungleng (Jayang)、 

(48) Namtawng、(49) Pying-ye、(50) Manghang、(51) Namngu、(52) ）Oilaw、 

（53）Banma、（54）Mung-wi、（55）Saihkau（Bangjam）、（56）Sambu、 

（57）Namnak、（58）Mungmaw、（59）Hpasawm、（60）Hkaukang、（61） ) 

Mung-yin、(62) Nam-yau、(63) Dingswi、(64) Wingmyint、(65) Bangnang 和 (66) 

Loipyi（Mong，2005 年，第 116-117 页；克钦邦历史委员会，2014）。同样，在英 

国统治下，Mungmyit Kodawng 地区最初由现在克钦邦的八莫统治，后来成为掸邦北 

部的一部分，自 1890 年起被称为 Kodawng 克钦山区，而 Kodawng 克钦山区的行政 

办公室位于 Munglwi（蒙鲁）靠近瑞丽江。 Kodawng Kachin Hill Tracts 的第一任官 

员是 Walder 先生。 Kodawng 的圆头区域为 (1) Mandung (Manton)、(2) Manbat、 

(3) Manpun、(4) Loiya、(5) Hubung、(6) Man-yawn、(7) Manjawp、(8) 

Panggung、(9) Manmawk、(10) Hudung、(11) Mungkawang、(12) Man-gau、(13) 

Sailing、(14) Loiseng、(15) Loiwing Hkajik 和 (16) Sauram Dingga。第一次世界大战 

期间，英国在统治整个缅甸的同时，将克钦族军队（包括部分克当地区的克钦族军 

队）派往美索不达米亚（今伊拉克地区），并全部成功返回。因此，1919 年，在掸邦 

北部瑞丽河附近的 Munglwi（摩禄）举行了马瑙庆祝活动（Dawson，1960；克钦邦 

历史委员会，2014）。 

事实上，自1922年起，涵盖南部和北部的掸邦在行政上划定为掸邦联邦，随后成立了 

掸邦索布瓦委员会，正式名称为掸邦委员会，作为英国管辖下的行政机构。重要的 

是，缅甸边境服务局与掸邦联邦一起成立（边境地区调查委员会，1947 年）。从那时起，掸邦联邦的克钦邦领土就由掸邦索布瓦理事会（Council of Shan Sawbwas）管 

理，该理事会由一位英国官员、专员或当地人称为 Maha Mingyit 领导。克钦人在这个 

系统中缺乏直接管理的原因可能是，像杜瓦们这样的克钦统治者大多是文盲，因为克 

钦字母在 1906 年之后才完全成熟（Tegenfeldt，1974）。因此，也许英国人可能认为克钦族领导人没有能力进行正式行政管理，而克钦人在英国人眼中只是一个好战的民族。 

就佤族而言，他们属于中缅边境掸邦北部的佤邦，英国对佤邦的行政权力有限Webb，1912）。在英国人到来之前，佤族统治者就采用了掸·索布瓦的治理传统。 

例如，一位名叫达旺（Tawang）的佤酋长在北辛维（Hsenwi）的支持下驱逐了世袭 

的萨沃瓦（Mawng San），并通过建立塔莫（在行政上，英国于 1937在在行政上，英国于 1937 年通过颁布《1935 年缅甸政府法》改变了缅甸的行政管理， 

其中缅甸本土、第 (1) 部分和第 (I) 部分被划分，克伦尼邦保持独立。因此，当前的克 

钦邦和掸邦联邦，包括克钦邦、佤邦和果敢地区，已被纳入第 (1) 部分（Yaw，2018 

年；《缅甸政府法》，1935 年）。

Expelling the Japanese from Mungmyit Sinli 

When I was young, I was told by elderly recalling that "we have never seen the 

Japanese Burmese in Mungmyit Sinli. 

(An Elderly Kachin) 

If the above statement is considered as to be true, the period could have been 

around or earlier than the 1900s. The reason that the Japanese were able to reach 

Mungmyit Sinli was due to a Burmese group called "Thirty Comrades (Yebaw Tone 

Gyeit)" led by Aung San, the one responsible for bringing the Japanese into Burma. 

As a matter of fact, the Japanese invaded Burma as a result of WW II. After the 

communication with the Japanese, Aung San drew up a secret plan to meet a 

Japanese intelligence named Colonel Suzuki at Amoy in 1940.Soon after the 

meeting, the Thirty Comrades, future leaders of Burma Independence Army (BIA), 

were given a military training by the Japanese on Hainan Islin July 1941. 

Consequently, Thirty Comrades returned to Burma as BIA through Bangkok, 

Thailthe BIA was under the commof the Japanese Fifteenth Army led by 

Colonel Suzuki. During the war, the Japanese easily occupied lower Burma after five 

months since the British abandoned Burma earlier (Callahan, 2003). The Japanese 

continued their invasion along the railway to current Kachin state Shan states 

including Mungmyit Sinli. In the end, the Japanese were able to control the whole 

Burma. While invading across current Kachin state Shan states, the Japanese 

were always antagonistic towards Kachins because they consider that the Kachins to 

be too close to the British that the Japanese tortured always looked askance at 

the Kachins (Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014). 

Since earlier 1943, Orde Charles Wingate, a British Army Officer, attempted to 

organize the hilly ethnic peoples in Burma, particularly the Kachin, Kuki, Naga and 

Karen for the military trainings managed to set up regiments composed of these 

hilly ethnic peoples. Northern Kachin Levy also known as "V" Force was one of the 

operations. On the other hand, Joseph Warren Stilwell, an American military general, 

also organized setting up Office of Strategic Service (OSS) Detachment 101 with 

Kachin youths in order to fight against the Japanese. Regarding with the Kachin 

Rangers of Detachment 101, six military camps had been set up in late 1943 in 

current Kachin state. As such, one was established at Sinlum (Kasen) in current 

Kachin state. In addition, five battalions such as (1) Gauri Battalion (2) Sinlum 

Battalion (3) Battalion-Loije (4) Nbapa Battalion (5) Shawa Battalion were 

founded. Subsequently, the 6th, 7th 8th battalions were formed in Mungmyit 

Sinli. Throughout the battles with the Japanese, the American troops composed of 

Kachin Chinese were on the one hthe British troops composed of some 

hilly ethnic peoples were on the other. As far as the Kachin's sacrifices have been 

taken into serious consideration, it was estimated that the Kachin soldiers serving at 

both American British troops were over 12, 000. In the end, Myitkyina was under 

control as the result of the auspices of these Kachin armies in August 1944 

(Callahan, 2003; Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014, p. 64-65). 

During WW II, the Kachin Rangers Levies were the most forceful in fighting 

against the Japanese across current Kachin state Mungmyit Sinli in northern 

Shan. As such, they were able to expel all the Japanese from both current Kachin 

state northern Shan to Kesi, Namsan, Lawksawk Pindaya in southern Shantill Thai-Burma border. As WW Il was about to end, the 6, 7th 8th battalions of 

101 Kachin Rangers celebrated a victorious ceremony 

over the Japanese by holding Kachin cultural dance named Manau at Bum Sumshi 

(Loisamsip) in Kutkai from 22-23 March 1945, at Mandung in Kodawng areas on 23 

March at Zinlum in Bhamo from 24-26 March respectively (Kachin Sub-State 

History Committee, 2014, p. 69-71). Meanwhile, Burma Proper was still under the 

Japanese control. Eventually, Ba Htoo was the one who clandestinely planned to 

meet Aung San for the revolution against the Japanese. As a result, Anti-Fascist 

People's Freedom League (AFPFL) was formed by the Burmese nationalists 

including Aung San. In the end, BIA d its revolution against the Japanese on 

27 March 1945, which has been officially recognized as Myanmar Armed Forces Day 

till today (the Irrawaddy, 2007). In fact, the Kachin had already expelled the 

Japanese from the Kachin territories in both current Kachin state Mungmyit Sinli 

in northern Shan prior to 27 March 1945. 

将日本人驱逐出Mungmyit Sinli 

小时候，听老人回忆说：“我们在蒙密新里从来没有见过日本人和缅甸人。 

（克钦老人） 

如果上述说法属实，那么这个时期可能是在 1900 年代左右或更早。日本人之所以能 

够到达Mungmyit Sinli，是因为昂山领导的缅甸组织“三十同志（Yebaw Tone Gyeit）” 

负责将日本人带入缅甸。事实上，第二次世界大战期间，日本入侵了缅甸。与日本人 

沟通后，昂山制定了一项秘密计划，于1940年在厦门会见一位名叫铃木上校的日本情 

报人员。会面后不久，这三十名同志，即缅甸独立军（BIA）未来的领导人，被授予 

了军队1941年7月，日军在海南岛进行训练。结果，30名同志经泰国曼谷以BIA身份返回缅甸，BIA由铃木大佐率领的日本第15军指ഀ。战争期间，自英国早些时候放弃缅 

甸以来，日本人在五个月后轻松占领了下缅甸（Callahan，2003）。日本人继续沿着 

铁路入侵现在的克钦邦和掸邦，包括蒙密新里。最终，日本人控制了整个缅甸。在入 

侵现在的克钦邦和掸邦时，日本人始终对克钦人怀有敌意，因为他们认为克钦人与英 

国人关系太近，因此受到日本人的折磨，并且总是对克钦人不屑一顾（克钦邦历史委 

员会，2014） ）。1943年初以来，英国陆军军官查尔斯·温盖特试图组织缅甸山地民族，特别是克钦族、库基族、那加族和克伦族进行军事训练，并成功组建了由这些山地民族组成的军团。 

  北克钦征召部队也被称为“V”部队，是其中之一。另一方面，美国军事将领约瑟夫·沃 

伦·史迪威也与克钦族青年组织成立了战略情报办公室（OSS）第101支队，以对抗日 

本人。至于101支队的克钦游击骑兵，1943年底在现克钦邦设立了6个军营。因此，在现克钦邦的 Sinlum（卡森）设立了一个。此外还成立了（1）高里营（2）辛鲁姆营 

（3）洛伊杰营（4）恩巴帕营和（5）沙瓦营等五个营。随后，第6、7、8营Mungmyit Sinli组建。在与日本人的战斗中，一方面是由克钦族和华人（中国远征军）组成的美军，另一方面是由一些山地民族组成的英军。如果认真考虑克钦人的付出，估计在美国和英国军队服役的克钦士兵超过12,000人。最终，在这些克钦人的支持下，密支那被控制住了。 1944 年 8 月的军队（Callahan，2003；克钦邦历史委员会，2014 年，第 64- 

65 页）。

二战期间，克钦游击骑兵和征兵部队是目前克钦邦和掸邦北部蒙密新里地区与日军作战 

最有力的部队。因此，他们能够将所有日本人从现在的克钦邦和掸邦北部驱逐到掸邦 

南部的Kesi、Namsan、Lawksawk和Pindaya直到泰缅边境。二战即将结束之际，101名克钦游击骑兵的第6营、第7营和第8营举行了胜利仪式 

1945 年 3 月 22 日至 23 日在 Kutkai 的 Bum Sumshi (Loisamsip)、3 月 23 日在 

Kodawng 地区的 Mandung 以及 3 月 24 日至 26 日在 Bhamo 的 Zinlum 分别举行了 

名为 Manau 的克钦文化舞蹈来对抗日本人（克钦邦历史委员会，2014 年，第 69-71 

页）。与此同时，缅甸本土仍处于日本的控制之下。最终，巴图秘密计划与昂山会 

面，共同发起抗日革命。结果，包括昂山在内的缅甸民族主义者成立了反法西斯人民 

自由联盟（AFPFL）。最终，BIA于1945年3月27日宣布反日革命，这一天被正式认 

定为缅甸武装部队日（建军日），直到今天（伊洛瓦底江，2007年）。事实上，克钦人在 1945 年 3 月 27 日之前就已经将日本人驱逐出克钦邦的克钦邦和掸邦北部的 Mungmyit 

Sinli。

Kutkai Kachin Stub-State Kodawng Kachin Sub-State 

After the Second World War, the British was able to recapture the whole Burma 

before 1945. As a consequence, the independent process of Burma had been at its 

peak the Kachins were also very much concerned for their territories. As far as 

the Kachin population was concerned, current Kachin state Mungmyit Sinli in 

northern Shan were where the Kachins were highly populated. The Kachin leaders in 

Sinli were aware that the Kachins should have their own autonomous territories in 

that they submitted a proposal signed by (24) Kachin leaders to Civil Affair Service￾Burma (CAS - Burma) in order to officially demarcate a Kachin state comprising 

current Kachin state north Hsenwi for the future demarcation on 3 March 1945. 

In addition, the proposal was endorsed by (49) Kachin leaders as a followed-up 

process to CAS - Burma on 1 June 1945. A similar proposal was submitted to 

Governor Sir Dorman, Smith, during his visit to Manau in Myitkyina from 16-20 

January 1946, a Kachin traditional celebration as a pyrrhic victory over the 

Japanese. At the same time, the proposal was also submitted to the Council of Shan 

Sawbwas as a transparent political process. However, Mr. Stevenson, Director of 

Frontier Areas, suggested that if north Hsenwi would be part of the Kachin state, the 

Shans might have raised complaint against it; instead the autonomous sub-state was 

suggested. For this reason, the Kachin leaders in north Hsenwi formed up a Sub￾State Council eventually negotiated with Sao Hom Hpa, Sawbwa of north 

Hsenwi, in order to allow north Hsenwi to be part of the Kachin state, however, Sao 

Hom Hpa alone was not able to decide such matter. As a result, North Hsenwi 

Kachin Sub-state', later known as Kutkai Kachin Sub-State, was agreed between the 

members® of Sub-State Council Sao Hom Hpa, other two Sawbwas, 

namely Sao Haman Hpa, Kyengmong Sawbwa, Hkun Ohn Kya (Amat Choke) 

(Kachin Sub-State Research Group - Kutkai, 2007, pp. 101- 105; Kachin Sub-State 

History Committee, 2014). 

Similarly, Kodawng Kachin Hill Tracts had been on the administrative process 

towards Kodawng Kachin Sub-State. After 1919, Mr. Camerion, a British Sub￾divisional Commissioner, trained a Kachin police sergeant twenty Kachin police 

officers in Kodawng Kachin Hill Tracts. Moving forward, Mr. Thunderoop, successor 

of Mr. Camerion, established the administrative office of Kodawng Kachin Hill Tracts 

in Namsan. On 23 March 1945, after a celebration of Manau for a pyrrhic victory over 

the Japanese in Manton (Mandung), the Kachin leaders across Kodawng Kachin Hill 

Tracts held a public meeting, where they all agreed to change Kodawng Kachin Hill 

Tracts into Kodawng Kachin Sub-State. Again, on 16 January 1946, during the 

second Manau in Manton, the Kachin leaders formed Kodawng Kachin Sub-State 

Council (Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014, p. 112-117). 

Kutkai 克钦邦和 Kodawng 克钦次邦 

第二次世界大战后，英国在1945年之前就收复了整个缅甸，缅甸的独立进程也因此进 

入了鼎盛时期，克钦人也非常关心自己的领土。就克钦族人口而言，现在的克钦邦和 

掸邦北部的蒙密新里是克钦族人口稠密的地方。新利的克钦族领导人意识到克钦族应 

该有自己的自治领土，他们向缅甸民政局（CAS - 缅甸）提交了一份由（24）克钦族 

领导人签署的提案，以便正式划定一个由当前克钦族组成的克钦邦。 1945 年 3 月 3 

日，克钦邦和北 Hsenwi 进行了未来的划界。此外，该提案得到了 (49) 名克钦领导人的认可，作为 1945 年 6 月 1 日 CAS - 缅甸的后续进程。类似的提案已提交给总督爵 

士1946 年 1 月 16 日至 20 日，多曼·史密斯 (Dorman Smith) 访问密支那的马瑙 

(Manau)，这是克钦族的传统庆祝活动，庆祝抗日本人作战重大的胜利。同时，该提 

案也作为透明的政治进程提交给掸萨布瓦理事会。然而，边境地区主任史蒂文森先生 

表示，如果北欣威成为克钦邦的一部分，掸人可能会提出抗议；相反，有人建议建立 

自治的次国家。为此，北辛威的克钦族领导人成立了一个分邦委员会，并最终与北辛 

威的Sao Hom Hpa、Sawbwa进行谈判，以允许北辛威成为克钦邦的一部分，但只有 

Sao Hom Hpa一个人无法决定是克钦邦的一部分。无法决定这样的事情。结果，北辛维克钦亚邦（后来称为 Kuthkai 克钦亚邦，kachin 专区）由亚邦委员会成员和 Sao Hom Hpa 以及其他两个 Sawbwa 

（即 Sao Haman Hpa、Kyengmong Sawbwa、和 Hkun Ohn Kya (Amat Choke)（克钦邦研究小组 - Kuthkai，2007 年，第 101-105 页；克钦邦历史委员会，2014 年）。 

同样，Kodawng 克钦山区一直处于 Kodawng 克钦次州的行政程序中。 1919年后，英国分区专员卡梅里恩先生在Kodawng克钦山区培训了一名克钦警长和二十名克钦警察。接下来，卡梅里恩先生的继任者 Thunderoop 先生在南山设立了 Kodawng 

Kachin Hill Tracts 行政办公室。 1945 年 3 月 23 日，马瑙庆祝曼顿 (Mandung) 对抗日本人付出惨重代价的胜利后，克钦当地克钦山区的克钦族领导人举行了一次公开会议，他们一致同意将kudong地区克钦山地区改为克钦山区-状态。 1946 年 1 月 16 日，在曼顿举行的第二次马瑙会议期间，克钦族领导人成立了 Kodawng 克钦邦委员会（克钦邦历 

史委员会，2014 年，第 112-117 页）。

The Kachin Sub-State Under Democratic Government of Union of Burma 

Burma was to be created as a new nation state in 1947, by amalgamating Frontier 

Areas including the Kachin's territories Burma Proper. Accordingly, as a result of 

Panglong Agreement in February 1947 Article 8° of Aung San-Attlee Agreement 

in January 1947, as part of the process to integrate Frontier Areas to unite with 

Burma Proper, the Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry (1947) was formed up to 

inquire the political will of the hill-ethnic peoples including Shan, Kachin, Wa, Kokang 

many others. While the Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry held an 

assessment to gather the perspectives of ethnic delegates across Frontier Areas, 

Howa Duwa Hun Hung10, Duwa Zau Bawk11 Lashi Gam12 testified on behalf of 

the Kachin Sub-State. Likewise, Naw Ham U13, on behalf of southern Wa state, and 

Hun Sai4, on behalf of northern Wa state, testified for the political will of Wa people 

so did Yang Chejel5 on behalf of Kongkang state. However, Sao Hun Pan Sein, 

Sawbwa of Taungbaing on behalf of the Shan State Council as the President, 

submitted a proposal for the political will of the council, rather than a specific political 

will of the Palaungs (Frontier Areas Committee of Enquiry, 1947). In the end, a new 

constitution was developed at National Constituent Assembly (Taing Pyu Pyi Pyu 

Hutdaw) joined by both delegates of Frontier Areas Burma Proper, particularly 

AFPFL delegates in June 1947. Mr. Waje Zau Ba as a representative from Kodawng 

Kachin sub-state Mr. Lashi Gam, the representative from Kutkai Kachin Sub￾State, officially joined the assembly. As a result of three Constituent Assembly for 

three meetings, the Constitution of the Union of Burma (1947) was drafted. As such, 

the union of Burma, a new nation state, was officially established by promulgating 

the1947 Constitution in January 1948, in which it had two levels of government 

comprising national state governments including Shan state government (Yaw, 

2018). Unfortunately, the autonomy of Kachin sub-state was left out in the 

constitution with the misassumption that the Kachins were not well equipped to 

manage their own sub-state.However, the Shan state government officially released 

the autonomy of Kachin sub-state as a form of recognition on 6 July 1948 (Mong, 

2005). The recognized territories of Kachin sub-states had been that in the 

eastwards, the territories were along the Salween River that included Hpawng Seng 

(Hpawngseng), Mong Ya (Mungya), Mong Hom (Munghawm), Kying Hung 

(Kyinghung), Nam Tawng (Namtawng), Mongsi (Mungji), Nam Sawn (Namjawn), 

Waw Hkyung (Wawhkyung), Pying Ye (Pying-ye), Kang Mong (Kang-ming), Mong 

Kyet (Mungjet) Manmak Kang Kaw (Manmak Kawnggaw). In the westwards, the 

territories enclosed the areas of Shweli River encompassing Loi Hom (Loihawm), 

Mang Pang (Manpang), Man Sak (Manjak) Patma (Banma). In the southwards 

of north Hsenwi (Sinli), the areas had encircled Loilung (also known as Tangpeng) 

Mungmyit Kodawng, then it stretched till near Bhamo (Manmaw), from there 

along Burma-China borders including Namhkam (Nam Hkam), Se Lan (Jelan), 

Muse, Kyingyang (Kying Yang), Kapna Wanting (Gapna Wanding) Mungko 

(Munggu). In the northwards, the territories of Kachin sub-state reached till the 

territory of Kokang (No. 142/149KC, 18 Sept 1947, Kachin Council, Rutkai, No. 172 

SG () 48; Mong, 2005). Likewise, Kokang areas was separated from north Hsenwi 

came into existence as a sub-state status during WW I (Mong, 2005, p. 39). 

Along the transitional period of Burma during 1948-50 democratic government, 

the representatives of the Kachin sub-state were nominated to serve the Shan state 

government as state ministers (Wungyi) or members of parliament (Amat). For this reason, the Shan state government admitted the Kachin representatives nominated 

by the Kachin Sub-State Council these representatives were appointed as state￾level minister or member of parliament. As a result, Duwa Lashi Gam was nominated 

to take a minister position of the Kutkai Kachin Sub-State in 1947 he had served 

from 1947-1952. M Zau La (M Sao La) was consequently nominated in 1952 and 

served as a minister until 1958. Concurrently, Hkun Hsengl, Duwa of Kapna Wanting, 

was appointed by Sao Hom Hpa, Sawowa of north Hsenwi, for the minister of Kachin 

Sub-State (north Hsenwi) on 7th January, 1948, however, his service tenure was 

unknown. On the other hand, Duwa Zau Seng was elected as a member of 

parliament, representing Kodawng Kachin Sub-State, in 1947 he served until 

1948. Moving forward, Sumka Hpauyawn La was subsequently nominated to take 

the place of Duwa Zau Seng served until early 1962. During these times, Shan 

state government divided the Kachin sub-state into three parts for the constituent 

areas, in which part one enclosed the areas along Shweli River; part two was the 

former areas of Kutkai Kachin sub-state; part three included Nahkyem, Manlun 

Hwidawng closed to the areas of Hsenwi Sawbwa. Notwithstanding a certain 

effort, it was not able to trace the information that reveals the representatives of each 

constituent, except Duwa Luksing Zau Lat, who was elected as a representative of 

the areas along Shweli River in 1953, in order to serve the Shan state government 

as a minister from 1954 until Ne Win's military coup on 2 March, 1962 (Kachin Sub￾State History Committee, 2014). Since then, the autonomy of the Kachin sub-state 

has been politically undermined till today. 

缅甸联邦民主政府下的克钦邦 

     缅甸将于 1947 年通过合并包括克钦族领土和缅甸本土在内的边境地区而建立为一个 

新的民族国家。因此，根据 1947 年 2 月《彬龙协定》和 1947 年 1 月《昂山-艾德礼 

协定》第 8 条，作为整合边境地区与缅甸本土统一进程的一部分，边境地区调查委员 

会 (1947)成立的目的是询问掸族、克钦族、佤族、果敢族等山地民族的政治意愿。在 

边境地区调查委员会进行评估以收集边境地区少数民族代表的观点时，Howa Duwa 

Hun Hung10、Duwa Zau Bawk11 和 Lashi Gam12 代表克钦邦作证。同样，Naw 

Ham U13 代表佤邦南部，Hun Sai4 代表北部佤邦，为佤邦人民的政治意愿作证Yang Chejel5 代表果敢邦作证。然而，东拜县索布瓦 (Sawbwa of Taungbaing) 的 

Sao Hun Pan Sein 作为主席代表掸邦议会提交了一份关于议会政治意愿的提案，而不 

是 Palaungs 的具体政治意愿（边境地区调查委员会，1947 年） 。最终，1947 年 6 

月，边疆地区和缅甸本土代表，特别是 AFPFL 代表加入，在国民制宪会议 (Taing 

Pyu Pyi Pyu Hutdaw) 上制定了新宪法。 Waje Zau Ba 先生作为 Kodawng Kachin 

sub 的代表州和克钦邦克钦邦代表拉什甘先生正式加入大会。经过三届制宪会议三次 

会议，起草了缅甸联邦宪法（1947年）。至此，缅甸联邦这一新的民族国家正式成 

立，颁布了《宪法》。1948 年 1 月制定的《1947 年宪法》，其中有两级政府，包括 

国家和州政府，包括掸邦政府（Yaw，2018）。然而，掸邦政府于 1948 年 7 月 6 日正式释放克钦邦自治权作为承（Mong，2005）。克钦邦承认的领土是，在东部 萨 

尔温江沿岸的领土包括Hpawng Seng（Hpawngseng），Mung Ya（Mungya） 

Mong Hom（Munghawm），Kying Hung（Kyinghung），Nam Tawng 

(Namtawng)、Mongsi (Mungji)、Nam Sawn (Namjaawn)、Waw Hkyung(Wawhkyung)、Pying Ye (Pying-ye)、Kang Mong (Kang-ming)、Mong Jet (Mungjet) 

和 Manmak Kang Kaw (Manmak Kawnggaw) 。向西，领土包围了瑞丽河地区，包括Loi Hom (Loihawm)、Mang Pang (Manpang)、Man Sak (Manjak) 和Patma (Banma)。 

在北新里（Sinli）以南，这些地区包括了洛隆（Loilung）（也称唐彭（Tangpeng）） 

和蒙密科当（Mungmyit Kodawng），然后延伸到八莫（Manmaw）附近，从那里沿 

着中缅边界，包括南康（Nam Hkam）、Se Lan (Jelan)、Muse、Kingyang (Kying 

Yang)、Kapna Wanting (Gapna Wanding) 和 Mungko (Munggu)。向北，克钦邦的领 

土延伸至果敢地区（第142/149KC号，1947年9月18日，克钦邦理事会，Rutkai，第172号SG（）48；蒙，2005）。同样，果敢地区与北部 Hsenwi 分离，并在第一次世 

界大战期间作为次国家地位而存在（Mong，2005 年，第 39 页）。在 1948-50 年缅甸过渡时期和民主政府期间，克钦邦的代表被提名为掸邦政府服务，担任国务部长(Wungyi) 或议会议员 (Amat)。为此，掸邦政府接纳克钦邦次邦议会提名的克钦族代表，并任命这些代表为邦级部长或议会议员。结果，杜瓦拉什甘于 1947 年被提名出任库特凯克钦邦部长职务，并于 1947 年至 1952 年任职。 M Zau La（M Sao La）因此于 1952 年被提名，并担任部长直至 1958 年。同时，Kapna Wanting 的 Duwa 的Hkun Hsengl 被北 Hsenwi 的 Sawowa Sao Hom Hpa 任命为克钦邦部长。 1948 年 

1 月 7 日在州（北 Hsenwi）任职，但其任期未知。另一方面，杜瓦·祖盛 (Duwa Zau 

Seng) 于 1947 年当选为国会议员，代表科东克钦邦 (Kodawng Kachin Sub-State)， 

并任职至 1948 年。随后，苏姆卡·帕亚恩·拉 (Sumka Hpauyawn La) 随后被提名接替 

杜瓦·祖盛 (Duwa Zau Seng) 并任职直到1962年初，掸邦政府将克钦邦划分为三部 

分，其中第一部分包括瑞丽江沿岸地区，第二部分包括瑞丽江沿岸地区。第二部分是 

前库特凯克钦邦地区；第三部分包括靠近 Hsenwi Sawbwa 地区的 Nahkyem、 

Manlun 和 Hwidawng。尽管做出了一定的努力，但仍无法追踪到揭示每个选区代表的 

信息，除了杜瓦·鲁辛·祖拉（Duwa Luksing Zau Lat），他被选为沿线地区的代表。 

1953年瑞丽江，为掸邦服务从 1954 年起担任政府部长，直至 1962 年 3 月 2 日奈温 

军事政变为止（克钦邦历史委员会，2014 年）。从那时起，克钦邦的自治权在政治上 

一直受到破坏，直到今天。不幸的是，宪法中忽略了克钦邦的自治权，并错误地认为 

克钦人没有足够的能力来管理自己的邦。

Expelling the Kuomintang from the Kachin Sub-State 

After the death of Sun Yat-sen, General Chiang Kai-shek led Kuomintang (KMT) 

party that controlled China before the takeover by Communist Party of China (CPC) 

under Mao Zedong who established the People's Republic of China in October 1949. 

The Sino-Japanese War also ended in 1945 prior to the birth of Republic of China. 

As a result of the power struggle between the two parties, the CPC expelled the 

KMTs from China forcing the exiled KMTs to enter into the Kachin sub-state through 

Yunnan bordered with the Kachin sub-state. Although the KMT members continued

to move towards Taiwan through Lao Thailand, a certain extent of remnant 

KMTs were roaming around the Kachin sub-state. Soon after that some KMTs from 

Taiwan reinforced to settle in Burma border for their political movement in China. As 

a consequence, the KMTs attempted to control the Kachin sub-state. Taking up such 

a matter, the Kachin Sub-State Council proposed central government through Shan 

state government for military support. However, the central government was 

incapable of solving the KMT problem it was also dealing with the insurgencies by 

the Burmese communists the Karens. The Kachin Sub-State Council eventually 

decided to take things into their own hVillage Defense Forces (VDF) were 

urgently established throughout the regions in 1952. The VDF forces strategized its 

military operations with three front lines in attacking KMTs in February 1953, the first 

frontline at Hpawng Seng (Hpawngseng), the second at Mungko (Munggu) the 

third at Manmau Loijung respectively (Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 

2014, p. 105-106). As a consequence, the KMT troops started to depart from the 

Kachin sub-state through Gyukuk Pangsai then Mungji areas. The VDFs 

continued to expel KMTs along their retreat at one point, the KMT was so 

powerful to be defeated. In the end, the VDF troops were able to expel the KMT from 

the Kachin sub-state in March 1953, in which hundreds of Kachins had sacrificed 

their lives (Kachin Sub-State History Committee, 2014). In addition to KMT, the 

Burmese secessionist rebels like Communist Party of Burma (CB) were trying to 

control Shan state including the Kachin sub-state along Sino-Burma border since 

early 1950s. 

将国民党驱逐出克钦邦 

       孙中山去世后，蒋介石将军领导的国民党 (KMT) 控制了中国，然后由毛泽东领导的中国共产党 (CPC) 接管，并于 1949 年 10 月建立了中华人民共和国。 -日本战争也于1945年中华人民共和国诞生之前结束。由于两党权力斗争，中国共产党将国民党驱逐出中国，迫使流亡的国民党通过与克钦邦接壤的云南进入克钦邦。尽管国民党党员继续经老挝和泰国向台湾进发，但仍有一定程度的国民党残余分子在克钦邦周边游荡。不久之后，一些台湾国民党人增援缅甸边境定居，进行反华政治运动。结果，国民党试图控制克钦邦。考虑到这一问题，克钦亚邦议会通过掸邦政府向中央政府提出军事支持。然而，中央政府无力解决国民党的问题，它还要应对缅共和克伦族的叛乱。克钦邦议会最终决定亲自处理此事，并于 1952 年在整个地区紧急成立了乡村防卫军 (VDF)。 1953 

年 2 月，乡村防卫军以三条前线部署了军事行动，攻击国民党，第一个前线在 

Hpawng Seng (Hpawngseng)，第二个前线在 Mungko (Munggu)，第三个前线分别在 

Manmau 和 Loijung（克钦邦历史委员会，2014 年，第 105-106 页）。结果，国民党 

军队开始通过Gyukuk Pangsai和Mungji地区离开克钦邦。国防军在撤退时继续驱逐国 

民党，国民党一度强大到足以被击败缅甸。最终，国防军于 1953 年 3 月将国民党驱逐出克钦邦，数百名克钦人在这场战争中丧生（克钦邦历史委员会，2014 年）。除国民党外，自20世纪50年代初以来，缅共等缅甸分裂主义叛乱分子也试图控制掸邦，包括中 

缅边境的克钦邦。

The Emergence of KIO/KIA 

Throughout the creation of a new sovereign Burma after 1945, the Kachin leaders 

believed that the Kachins would have equal political rights under a federal 

democratic system. However, the 1947 Constitution only accommodated a unitary 

system that AFPFL party dominated by the Burmese nationalists controlled the 

political power in both national state levels. For instance, despite clear 

disapproval from the Kachin representatives lack of consent by the Kachin 

public, Prime Minister U Nu ceded the Kachin territories comprising Himaw 

(Hpyimaw), Gawlum (Gawlam) Kangfang (Kamhpang) to China in 1956 (Lintner, 

2017, p. 6-7). Consequently, U Nu promulgated Buddhism as a state religion in 1961 

(Mong, 2005, p. 6). In fact, non-Burmese delegates attempted to amend the 1947 

Constitution, All State Conference held at Taunggyi in January 1961, being one 

example. At the State Conference, non-Burmese delegates including Kachin, Karen, 

Chin, Mon, Karenni, Karen Arakan came together in pursuit of amending the 

1947 Constitution (Transnationalinstitute, 2017). However, General Ne Win took an 

advantage of the conference as a pretext in making false justification that the non￾Burmese delegates were clandestinely planning to dissolve the sovereign Burma by 

seceding the ethnic states. After all attempts failed, the Kachin Independence 

Organization (KIO)/Kachin Independence Army (KIA) emerged to hold arm against 

the central regime as the last resort. 

The movements to establish KIO/KIA were mobilized starting late 1950s. Mr. 

Lahtaw Zau Seng, publicly known as GOC Zau Seng, secretly met with Lahtaw Zau 

Tu, his brother, Malizup Zau Mai in Thai-Burma border in order to establish the 

KIO/KIA. Following the meeting, the seven students from Rangoon university, (1) 

Lahtaw Zau Tu, (2) Hpauyu Tu Lum,(3) Malizup Zau Mai, (4) Pungshwi Zau Seng, 

(5) Hangda Brang Gam, (6) Nahpaw Gun Jawng, (7) Malang Shawng formed a 

group called Seven Stars in 1957. In doing so, Mr. Lahtaw Zau Seng Seven 

Stars had been accredited as the founders of KIO/KIA. In fact, these founders 

organized a meeting with Kachin public including youths in Lashio, what is now the 

capital of northern Shan state, on 25 October 1960, where they decided to set up the 

KIO as a Kachin political wing. Consequently, the KIA as the military wing on 5 

February 1961 on 15 January 1961, the Kachin Independence Council (KIC) as 

the administrative arm were respectively formed in Lashio (Tu Jai, n.d; Kachin Sub￾State History Committee, 2014, p. 171). Since then, the Kachin public in general see 

the KIA as the protectionist for the Kachin people in Kachin sub-state. Therefore, the 

CPB troops the remnant KMTs were once considered as the intruders of the 

Kachin sub-state. Nevertheless, after the KMTs had fully withdrawn from the Kachin 

sub-state, the KIO/KIA was able to negotiate a ceasefire agreement with CPB in 

1976. During the 1980s, the CPB subsequently spilt into several factions in terms of 

ethnic-oriented armed groups such as United Wa State Army (UWSA) Myanmar 

National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) on behalf of Kokang; geographic￾oriented armed group like National Democratic Alliance Army (NDAA) representing 

Mongla area. Meanwhile, the KIA has established the 4th, 6th 10th Brigades in 

order to protect the right of self-determination national equality for the Kachin 

people in the Kachin sub-state. 

KIO/KIA 的出现 

   在 1945 年之后建立新的主权缅甸的整个过程中，克钦族领导人相信克钦族将在联邦 

民主制度下享有平等的政治权利。

   然而，1947年宪法只规定了由缅甸民族主义者主导的AFPFL党控制国家和邦两级政治权力的单一体制。例如，尽管克钦族代表明确反对，也没有得到克钦族公众的同意，吴努总理还是于 1956 年将克钦族领土（包括 

Himaw (Hpyimaw)、Gawlam (Gawlam) 和 Kangfang (Kamhpang)）割让给了中国 

（Lintner，2017） ，第 6-7 页）。因此，吴努于 1961 年颁布佛教为国教（Mong， 

2005，第 6 页）。事实上，非缅甸代表试图修改1947年宪法，1961年1月在东枝举行 

的全国会议就是一个例子。在国务会议上，包括克钦族、克伦族、钦族、孟族、克伦 

尼族、克伦族和若开族在内的非缅甸代表齐聚一堂，寻求修改 1947 年宪法（跨国研 

究所，2017 年）。然而，奈温将军利用这次会议作为借口，提出虚假理由，称非缅甸代表秘密计划通过脱离少数民族国家来解散主权缅甸。在所有尝试都失败后，克钦独 

立组织（KIO）/克钦独立军（KIA）出现，作为最后的手段对抗中央政权。 

建立 KIO/KIA 的运动从 20 世纪 50 年代末开始动员起来。 Lahtaw Zau Seng 先生 

（公众称为 GOC Zau Seng）在泰缅边境秘密会见了他的兄弟 Lahtaw Zau Tu 和 

Malizup Zau Mai，以建立 KIO/KIA。

会议结束后，来自仰光大学的七名学生，（1） 

Lahtaw Zau Tu，（2）Hpauyu Tu Lum，（3）Malizup Zau Mai，（4）Pungshwi 

Zau Seng，（5）Hangda Brang Gam，（6）Nahpaw Gun Jawng 和 (7) Malang 

Shawng 于 1957 年组建了一个名为“七星”的团体。在此过程中，Lahtaw Zau Seng 先 

生和七星被认可为 KIO/KIA 的创始人。事实上，这些创始人于 1960 年 10 腊戍（现在的掸邦北部首府）组织了一次与克钦公众（包括年轻人）的会议，决定成 立克钦独立组织作为克钦政治派别。因此，克钦独立军（KIA）作为军事部门，分别 于 1961 年 2 月 5 日和 1961 年 1 月 15 日在腊戍成立，克钦独立委员会（KIC）作为 

行政机构（Tu Jai，nd；克钦次邦历史委员会，2014 年，p） . 171).从那时起，克钦 

民众普遍认为克钦独立军是克钦邦克钦人的保护主义者。因此，印共军队和国民党残 

余一度被视为克钦邦的入侵者。然而，在国民党完全撤出克钦邦后，克钦独立组织/克 

钦独立军得以在 1976 年与 CPB 谈判达成停火协议。在 20 世纪 80 年代，CPB 随后 

在民族武装团体方面分裂成多个派别例如代表果敢的佤邦联合军（UWSA）和缅甸民 

族民主联盟军（MNDAA）；以及代表勐拉地区的民族民主联军（NDAA）等地域性武 

装团体。同时，克钦独立军成立了第四、第六和第十旅，以保护克钦邦克钦人民的自 

决权和民族平等权。 

Conclusion 

This brief history is stressed to share a genuine historical political background 

from the time of the Kachins migrating into the Kachin sub-state in Shan state of 

Burma. This is also to reiterate the fact that the Kachins acquired their sub-state 

territories with their enormous sacrifices throughout generations. Moreover, the 

Kachins protected the Kachin sub-state with their utmost efforts from the foreign 

invasions - the British as well as from the Japanese even when the enemies they 

fought against were far more advanced powerful. To this end, the Kachins have 

been fighting for the right of self-determination national equality for the Kachin 

sub-state till today, together with other indigenous ethnic peoples such as Shan, Wa, 

Palaung, Kokang others. Most importantly, as the Shan state has been the 

home of certain indigenous peoples for both majorities minorities, the Kachins in 

Shan state are instinctively aware that peaceful coexistence, which underscores the 

fundamental rights including the political right of the iigenous people including 

Kachins, has been the basic principle of all ethnic peoples in Shan state. 

结论 

这段简短的历史强调了自克钦人迁移到缅甸掸邦克钦邦以来的真实历史和政治背景。 

这也是为了重申克钦人通过几代人的巨大牺牲获得了他们的次邦领土这一事实。此 

外，克钦人尽最大努力保护克钦邦免受外国入侵——英国和日本的入侵，即使他们对 

抗的敌人更加先进和强大。为此，克钦族与掸族、佤族、巴朗族、果敢族等其他土著 

民族一道，为克钦邦的自决权和民族平等而奋斗至今。最重要的是，由于掸邦一直是 

某些少数民族和多数土著人民的家园，掸邦克钦人本能地意识到，和平共处强调了包 

括克钦人在内的土著人民的基本权利，包括政治权利。是掸邦各族人民的基本原则。 

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