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联合国独立国际缅甸实况调查团的报告
0 northernalliance 2018年09月05日

IMG_20180905_191712.png)——联合国独立国际缅甸实况调查团的报告今日敦促,必须对涉嫌若开邦北部的种族灭绝罪以及若开邦、克钦邦和掸邦的危害人类罪和战争罪的缅甸高级军官,包括总司令敏昂莱(Min Aung Hlaing)大将,进行调查和起诉。


联合国人权理事会于2017年3月设立了该调查团。调查团在克钦邦、若开邦和掸邦发现了大量违反人权和虐待行为,这些行为主要由塔玛都(缅甸国防军)和其他安全部队所为,“无疑构成了国际法规定的最严重罪行”。


报告指出:“采取军事行动必要性永远不能成为不分青红皂白地杀戮、强奸妇女、袭击儿童和烧毁村庄的理由。塔玛都所采取的战术与其面临的实际安全威胁极不相称,特别是在若开邦以及在缅甸北部地区。”


“对这些侵犯人权行为的拒绝、正常化和有罪不罚程度让人震惊。塔玛都对人类生命、身心健全、自由和国际法的蔑视应该引起全体人民的关注。”


缅甸国防军在克钦邦、掸邦和若开邦犯下的危害人类罪包括谋杀罪、监禁、强迫失踪、酷刑、强奸、性奴役和其他形式的性暴力、迫害和奴役。此外,在若开邦还存在危害人类罪的灭绝和驱逐的成分。


调查团还得出结论,“有足够的资料支持对塔玛都指挥系统中的高级官员进行调查和起诉,以便让主管法院确定他们对与若开邦局势相关的种族灭绝行为负有责任。”


报告指出,“若开邦的罪行及其犯罪方式,在性质、严重性和范围上,与那些在其他情况下纵容种族灭绝意图的罪行相似。” “指向这种意图的因素包括:更大范围的压迫环境和仇恨言辞、指挥官和直接肇事者的特定言谈、排除政策(包括改变若开邦的人口构成)、表明销毁计划的组织水平、以及暴力的极端规模和残酷性。“


作为调查和起诉的优先事项,调查团制定了一份嫌疑肇事者的名单,认为这些人对这些侵犯行为进行了实质性的操控并应承担最大的责任。最高层,包括塔玛都总司令敏昂莱大将,负有首要责任。报告中还提到了另外五名军事指挥官:副总司令梭温(Soe Win)副大将、国防部第3特别作战总局司令昂觉卓(Aung Kyaw Zaw)中将、西部军区司令孟孟梭(Maung Maung Soe)少将、陆军33机动师师长昂昂(Aung Aung)准将、陆军99机动师师长丹武(Than Oo)准将。联合国人权事务高级专员将保管一份更长的名单,并可能向根据国际规范和标准追究责任的任何主管和可信机构提供。


报告指出,民政当局几乎无法控制塔玛都的行动。报告还发现,“民政当局的行为和忽视助长了暴行的实施。”


报告指出,“国务资政昂山素季也没有利用她作为政府首脑的职责或道德权威来阻止若开邦正在发生的事件。”


报告指出,“有罪不罚现象在缅甸的政治和法律体系中根深蒂固,让塔玛都得以凌驾于法律之上。”报考补充道,该国的受害者因此数十年来一直难以实现正义。“推动问责制的能量必须来自国际社会。”


调查团呼吁将缅甸局势提交国际刑事法院或为此设立一个特设国际刑事法庭。在此过渡期,调查团要求建立一个独立、公正的机制来收集、整合、保存和分析有关违法行为的证据。调查团还建议针对那些疑似主要负责人进行有针对性的个人制裁,


报告指出,2017年8月25日的几起事件——武装团体若开邦罗兴亚救世军对若开邦北部的军事和安全前哨发动的袭击,以及军方的猛烈回应——所引发的大规模暴力事件和随之而来的大规模流亡事件,是“一场隐约存在了数十年的浩劫”。报告强调,这一危机是罗兴亚人“从生到死都遭受的严重、系统性和制度化的压迫”的必然结果,也是一种“排他性的观念,包括持续拒绝授予公民身份和严格限制行动自由”的结果。在这种背景下,2012年若开邦的暴力事件为2016年大规模暴力事件和2017年人权危机造成了条件。


调查团记录了塔玛都士兵的大规模杀戮、烧毁罗兴亚定居点、以及大规模轮奸和其他性暴力行为。一名幸存者令人心酸的证词揭露了性暴力的可怕程度:她说:“幸运的是,我只被三名男子强奸。” 强奸行为通常发生在公共场所和家人(包括儿童)面前。调查团还见到了许多有明显伤痕的儿童。他们的伤痕可能是因枪击、刺伤或烧伤所致。卫星图像证实了广泛、系统、蓄意和有针对性破坏的陈述,在此期间,罗兴亚定居点被烧毁,但附近的若开族定居点未受损害。


报告指出:“政府和塔玛都助长了一种仇恨言论猖獗、侵犯人权行为合法化、煽动歧视和暴力行为的气氛。” 调查团发现了许多仇恨言论和煽动暴力行为的例子,包括一个主要若开族政党于2012年11月引用希特勒的话,认为“非人道行为”有时是“维持种族”所必需的。


2017年8月安全部队对若开邦罗兴亚救世军袭击事件在数小时内做出的“立即、残酷且严重不成比例”的反应,表明“一定程度的预先计划和设计”,与敏昂莱总司令所述的愿景一致,即:解决“长期存在的孟加拉问题”,完成“未完成的工作”。调查团还发现,早在2017年8月初,就有大量军队和其他军事物资开始在若开邦北部屯集。


该报告还强调了安全部队对若开族人包括性暴力的严重侵犯人权行为,并指出对他们的侵犯模式被严重少报。


在克钦邦和掸邦,调查团核实了武装冲突中的一些事件,确认了违反国际法的一贯模式。报告发现,塔玛都在缅甸北部的行动“特点是针对平民的系统攻击”,并“公然无视平民的生命、财产和福祉”。


这种袭击催化了各种其他侵权行为,包括杀戮、性暴力、任意逮捕和拘留、强迫失踪、强迫劳动、掠夺土地和焚烧村庄。塔玛都的行动对人口造成了毁灭性的影响。


特派团还证实,非国家武装团体犯下了侵犯和虐待行为。这包括克钦邦和掸邦的“民族武装组织”和若开邦罗兴亚救世军。


虽然特派团从未获准进入缅甸,但该小组从主要来源积累了大量信息,包括通过对受害者和目击者的875次深入访谈,卫星图像和经过认证的文件,照片和视频。报告还就性暴力和基于性别的暴力、心理学、军事事务和法证学征求了专家建议。只有经核实和证实的信息才被采纳。调查团曾前往孟加拉国、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、泰国和联合王国。


一份载有详细事实资料和法律分析的更全面报告将于9月18日公布并提交人权理事会。之中将包含大量卫星图像分析。


The report of the United Nations Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar today urged that senior Burmese military officers suspected of genocide in northern Rakhine State crimes against humanity war crimes in Rakhine, Kachin Shan States, Including the Commander-in-Chief, Senior General (Min Aung Hlaing), to investigate prosecute. The United Nations Human Rights Council established the mission in March 2017. The Mission found numerous human rights violations abuses in Kachin, Rakhine Shan States, mainly by Tamadou (Myanmar Defence Force) other security forces, which "undoubtedly constitute the most serious crimes under international law". The report states: "the need for military action can never justify indiscriminate killings, rape of women, attacks on children the burning of villages. The tactics adopted by Tamadu are very disproportionate to the actual security threats they face, especially in Rakhine State in northern Myanmar. " "the rejection, normalization impunity of these human rights violations are alarming. Tamar's contempt for human life, physical mental integrity, freedom international law should be of concern to all people. " Crimes against humanity committed by the Myanmar Defence Forces in Kachin, Shan Rakhine States include murder, imprisonment, enforced disappearances, torture, rape, sexual slavery other forms of sexual violence, persecution slavery. In addition, there is an element of extermination expulsion in Rakhine State for crimes against humanity. The Mission also concluded that "there is sufficient information to support the investigation prosecution of senior officials in the Tamadu chain of commin order to allow the competent courts to establish their responsibility for acts of genocide related to the situation in Rakhine State." The report states that "the crimes committed in Rakhine State the manner in which they are committed are similar in nature, gravity scope to those that otherwise condone genocidal intent." "factors that point to this intention include broader oppressive environments hate rhetoric, specific statements by commanders direct perpetrators, exclusion policies (including changes in the demographic composition of Rakhine State), groups that indicate destruction plans The level of fabric, the extreme scale brutality of violence. "as a matter of priority for investigation prosecution, the Mission has drawn up a list of suspected perpetrators who are considered to have carried out substantive manipulation of these violations to bear the greatest responsibility. The primary responsibility rests at the highest levels, including the Commander-in-Chief of Tamadu, Senior General Min Aung Lay. Five other military commanders were mentioned in the report: deputy Commander-in-Chief, Deputy General (Soe Win), Lieutenant General (Aung Kyaw Zaw), Commander of the third Special Operations Directorate of the Ministry of Defence, Commander of the Western military region, Meng Monseau (Maung Maung Soe) General, Brigadier General Aung (Aung Aung), Army 33rd Mobile Division Commander, Brigadier General (Than Oo), Army 99 Mobile Division Commander. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights will maintain a longer list may make it available to any competent credible institution responsible in accordance with international norms standards. The report indicates that the civilian authorities have little control over the operations of Tamadu. The report also found that "the conduct neglect of civil authorities have contributed to the perpetration of atrocities." According to the report, "Senior Minister Aung San Suu Kyi did not use her role as head of Government or moral authority to prevent what was happening in Rakhine State." "impunity is deeply rooted in Myanmar's political legal system, allowing Tamar to be above the law," the report said. It add


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